Centre of Excellence for Protective Equipment and Materials (CEPEM), 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Canada
Sebenzisa isixhumanisi esingezansi ukuze wabelane ngenguqulo yombhalo egcwele yalesi sihloko nabangani bakho nozakwenu.Funda kabanzi.
Izinhlangano zezempilo zomphakathi zincoma ukuthi imiphakathi isebenzise imaski ukwehlisa ukusabalala kwezifo ezitholakala emoyeni njenge-COVID-19.Lapho imaski isebenza njengesihlungi esisebenza kahle kakhulu, ukusabalala kwegciwane kuzoncipha, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga kwezinhlayiyana (PFE) yemaski.Kodwa-ke, izindleko eziphezulu kanye nezikhathi ezinde zokuhola ezihambisana nokuthenga uhlelo lwe-PFE lwe-turnkey noma ukuqasha ilabhorethri egunyaziwe kuvimbela ukuhlolwa kwezinto zokuhlunga.Ngokusobala kunesidingo sohlelo lokuhlola lwe-PFE “olwenzelwe ngokwezifiso;kodwa-ke, izindinganiso ezihlukahlukene ezinquma ukuhlolwa kwe-PFE kwamamaski (ezokwelapha) (isibonelo, i-ASTM International, i-NIOSH) ahluka kakhulu ekucaciseni kwezinqubo kanye nemihlahlandlela yawo.Lapha, kuchazwa ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo “lwangaphakathi” lwe-PFE kanye nendlela yokuhlola imaski kumongo wezindinganiso zamanje zamaski wezokwelapha.Ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ze-ASTM, isistimu isebenzisa ama-aerosols e-latex (0.1 µm usayizi ojwayelekile) futhi isebenzisa isihlaziyi sezinhlayiyana ze-laser ukukala ukugxiliswa kwezinhlayiyana phezulu nomfula phansi kwempahla yemaski.Yenza izilinganiso ze-PFE ezindwangu ezihlukahlukene ezivamile kanye nomaski wezokwelapha.Indlela echazwe kulo msebenzi ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zamanje zokuhlola i-PFE, kuyilapho inikeza ukuguquguquka ukuze ivumelane nezidingo eziguqukayo nezimo zokuhlunga.
Izinhlangano zezempilo zomphakathi zincoma ukuthi abantu abaningi bagqoke imaski ukuze banciphise ukusabalala kwe-COVID-19 nezinye izifo ezithwalwa yi-droplet kanye ne-aerosol.[1] Imfuneko yokugqoka imaski iyasebenza ekwehliseni ukutheleleka, futhi [2] ikhombisa ukuthi imaski yomphakathi engahloliwe ihlinzeka ngokuhlunga okuwusizo.Eqinisweni, izifundo zokumodela zikhombisile ukuthi ukuncipha kokudluliswa kwe-COVID-19 kucishe kulingane nomkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe wokusebenza kwemaski nezinga lokutholwa, futhi lezi kanye nezinye izindlela ezisekelwe kubantu zinomphumela wokusebenzisana ekwehliseni ukulaliswa kanye nokufa.[3]
Isibalo samamaski ezokwelapha aqinisekisiwe kanye nama-respirators adingwa abezempilo kanye nabanye abasebenzi abaphambili senyuke kakhulu, sibeka izinselelo kumaketanga akhona wokukhiqiza nokuhlinzeka, futhi sibangele abakhiqizi abasha ukuthi bahlole ngokushesha futhi baqinisekise izinto ezintsha.Izinhlangano ezifana ne-ASTM International kanye ne-National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) zenze izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlola imaski yezokwelapha;nokho, imininingwane yalezi zindlela iyahlukahluka kakhulu, futhi inhlangano ngayinye isungule izindinganiso zayo zokusebenza.
I-Particulate filtration effectiveness (PFE) isici esibaluleke kakhulu semaski ngoba ihlobene nekhono layo lokuhlunga izinhlayiya ezincane njengama-aerosol.Omaski bezokwelapha kufanele bahlangabezane nemigomo ethile ye-PFE[4-6] ukuze bagunyazwe ama-ejensi alawulayo afana ne-ASTM International noma i-NIOSH.Amamaski okuhlinzwa aqinisekiswa yi-ASTM, futhi ama-N95 respirators agunyazwa yi-NIOSH, kodwa womabili imaski kufanele adlule amanani athile anqunyiwe e-PFE.Isibonelo, imaski ye-N95 kufanele ifinyelele ukuhlunga okungama-95% kwama-aerosols akhiwe izinhlayiya zikasawoti ezinobubanzi obuyisilinganiso sesilinganiso esingu-0.075 µm, kuyilapho imaski yokuhlinzwa ye-ASTM 2100 L3 kufanele izuze ukuhlungwa okungama-98% kwama-aerosols akhiwe amabhola e-latex anobubanzi obuyisilinganiso esingu-0.1 µm .
Izinketho ezimbili zokuqala ziyabiza (>$1,000 isampula ngayinye yokuhlola, elinganiselwa ku-$150,000 yezisetshenziswa ezishiwo), futhi phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, kuba nokubambezeleka ngenxa yezikhathi ezinde zokulethwa nezinkinga zokuhlinzekwa.Izindleko eziphezulu zokuhlolwa kwe-PFE namalungelo okufinyelela alinganiselwe—okuhlanganiswe nokuntuleka kwesiqondiso esihambisanayo ekuhloleni ukusebenza okujwayelekile—kuye kwaholela abacwaningi ukuba basebenzise amasistimu okuhlola angokwezifiso, ngokuvamile asekelwe esimisweni esisodwa noma ngaphezulu kumamaski ezokwelapha aqinisekisiwe.
Imishini ekhethekile yokuhlola imaski etholakala ezincwadini ezikhona ngokuvamile ifana namazinga ashiwo ngenhla e-NIOSH noma e-ASTM F2100/F2299.Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi banethuba lokukhetha noma ukushintsha umklamo noma amapharamitha okusebenza ngokuya ngokuthanda kwabo.Isibonelo, izinguquko zejubane lesampula lendawo, izinga lokugeleza komoya/i-aerosol, usayizi wesampula (indawo), nokwakheka kwezinhlayiyana ze-aerosol.Ucwaningo oluningi lwakamuva lusebenzise okokusebenza okwenziwe ngokwezifiso ukuze kuhlolwe izinto ezisetshenziswa kumaski.Lezi zisetshenziswa zisebenzisa ama-aerosol e-sodium chloride futhi ziseduze namazinga e-NIOSH.Ngokwesibonelo, Rogak et al.(2020), Zangmeister et al.(2020), Drunic et al.(2020) kanye noJoo et al.(2021) Yonke imishini eyakhiwe izokhiqiza i-aerosol ye-sodium chloride (osayizi abahlukahlukene), engasetshenziswa ngokushaja kagesi, ihlanjululwe ngomoya ohlungiwe futhi ithunyelwe kusampula yezinto ezibonakalayo, lapho i-optical particle sizer, izinhlayiya ezifingqiwe zesilinganiso sokuhlushwa kwezinhlayiyana ezihlukahlukene [9] 14-16] Konda et al.(2020) kanye no-Hao et al.(2020) Idivayisi efanayo yakhiwe, kodwa i-neutralizer yokushaja ayizange ifakwe.[8, 17] Kulezi zifundo, isivinini somoya kusampula sahluka phakathi kwe-1 ne-90 L min-1 (ngezinye izikhathi ukuthola imiphumela yokugeleza / isivinini);Nokho, isivinini esingaphezulu sasiphakathi kuka-5.3 no-25 cm s-1 phakathi.Usayizi wesampula ubonakala uyahluka phakathi kuka-≈3.4 no-59 cm2.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, kunezifundo ezimbalwa ekuhlolweni kwempahla yemaski ngemishini esebenzisa i-latex aerosol, eseduze nezinga le-ASTM F2100/F2299.Isibonelo, u-Bagheri et al.(2021), uShakya et al.(2016) kanye noLu et al.(2020) Yakha idivayisi ukuze ikhiqize i-polystyrene latex aerosol, eyahlanjululwa futhi yathunyelwa kumasampuli wezinto ezibonakalayo, lapho abahlaziyi bezinhlayiyana abahlukahlukene noma abahlaziyi besayizi bezinhlayiyana beskena basetshenziselwa ukukala ukugxila kwezinhlayiyana.[18-20] Futhi uLu et al.I-neutralizer yokushaja isetshenziswe ezansi nomfula wabo we-aerosol generator, futhi ababhali bezinye izifundo ezimbili abazange.Izinga lokugeleza komoya kusampula nalo lishintshe kancane—kodwa ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yezinga le-F2299—kusuka ku-≈7.3 ukuya ku-19 L min-1.Isivinini somoya esifundwe nguBagheri et al.ingu-2 no-10 cm s–1 (ngaphakathi kwebanga elijwayelekile), ngokulandelanayo.Futhi uLu et al., kanye noShakya et al.[18-20] Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhali kanye noShakya et al.ama-latex sphere ahloliwe anosayizi abahlukahlukene (okungukuthi, jikelele, 20 nm kuya ku-2500 nm).Futhi uLu et al.Okungenani kwezinye izivivinyo zabo, basebenzisa usayizi wezinhlayiyana ongu-100 nm (0.1 µm) oshiwo.
Kulo msebenzi, sichaza izinselelo esibhekana nazo ekudaleni idivayisi ye-PFE evumelana namazinga akhona e-ASTM F2100/F2299 ngangokunokwenzeka.Phakathi kwezindinganiso eziyinhloko ezithandwayo (okungukuthi i-NIOSH ne-ASTM F2100/F2299), izinga le-ASTM linikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu kumapharamitha (njengezinga lokugeleza komoya) ukuze kufundwe ukusebenza kokuhlunga okungase kuthinte i-PFE kumaski okungewona awezokwelapha.Nokho, njengoba thina Njengoba kubonisiwe, lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kunikeza izinga elengeziwe lobunkimbinkimbi ekuklameni imishini enjalo.
Amakhemikhali athengwe kwaSigma-Aldrich futhi asetshenziswa njengoba enjalo.I-styrene monomer (≥99%) ihlanzwa ngekholomu yengilazi equkethe isikhiphi se-alumina inhibitor, esidizayinelwe ukususa i-tert-butylcatechol.Amanzi enziwe i-deionized (≈0.037 µS cm–1) aphuma kusistimu yokuhlanza amanzi ye-Sartorius Arium.
I-100% ye-cotton plain weave (i-Muslin CT) enesisindo esingama-147 gm-2 ivela ku-Veratex Lining Ltd., QC, kanti inhlanganisela ye-bamboo/spandex ivela ku-D. Zinman Textiles, QC.Ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa kumaski okhethwe kuzo zivela kubathengisi bendwangu bendawo (Fabricland).Lezi zinto zihlanganisa izindwangu ezimbili ezihlukene ezingu-100% ezilukiwe zikakotini (ezinemibala ehlukene), indwangu eyodwa kakotini/i-spandex eluka, izindwangu ezilukiwe zikakotini/polyester (eyodwa "eyomhlaba wonke" neyodwa "indwangu ye-sweater") kanye ne-A non-wowed cotton/polypropylene blended. ukotini batting impahla.Ithebula 1 libonisa isifinyezo sezakhiwo zendwangu ezaziwayo.Ukuze kubekwe uphawu lwemishini emisha, kutholwe imaski yezokwelapha eqinisekisiwe ezibhedlela zasendaweni, okuhlanganisa ne-ASTM 2100 Level 2 (L2) kanye ne-Level 3 (L3; Halyard) imaski yezokwelapha eqinisekisiwe kanye nama-N95 respirators (3M).
Isampula eliyindilinga elicishe libe ngu-85 mm ububanzi lasikwa kumpahla ngayinye ezohlolwa;akukho okunye ukuguqulwa okwenziwe kumpahla (isibonelo, ukuwasha).Bopha iluphu yendwangu kusiphathi sesampula sedivayisi ye-PFE ukuze ihlolwe.Ububanzi bangempela besampula ekuthintaneni nokugeleza komoya ngu-73 mm, futhi izinto ezisele zisetshenziselwa ukulungisa isampula ngokuqinile.Kumaski ehlanganisiwe, uhlangothi oluthinta ubuso lukude ne-aerosol yezinto ezinikeziwe.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-monodisperse anionic polystyrene latex spheres nge-emulsion polymerization.Ngokwenqubo echazwe ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini, ukusabela kwenziwa ngendlela ye-semi-batch yendlala ye-monomer.[21, 22] Engeza amanzi enziwe i-deionized (160 mL) ku-250 mL yefulaski engezansi eyindilinga enentamo emithathu bese uyibeka endaweni yokugeza yamafutha enyakazayo.I-flask yabe ihlanjululwa nge-nitrogen futhi i-styrene monomer (2.1 mL) engenayo i-inhibitor-free yengezwa eflaskini ehlanjululwe, enyakaziswayo.Ngemva kwemizuzu engu-10 ku-70 °C, engeza i-sodium lauryl sulfate (0.235 g) encibilikiswe emanzini angcolile (8 mL).Ngemuva kweminye imizuzu emi-5, i-potassium persulfate (0.5 g) encibilikiswe emanzini angcolile (2 mL) yengezwa.Emahoreni angu-5 alandelayo, sebenzisa iphampu yesirinji ukuze ujove kancane kancane i-styrene engena-inhibitor (20 mL) kuflask ngenani elingu-66 µL min-1.Ngemva kokuqedwa kokufakwa kwe-styrene, ukusabela kwaqhubeka amanye amahora angu-17.Khona-ke i-flask yayivulwa futhi ipholile ukuze kuqedwe i-polymerization.I-polystyrene latex emulsion ehlanganisiwe yahlanjululwa emanzini enziwe i-deionized kushubhu le-SnakeSkin dialysis (3500 Da ukusika isisindo samangqamuzana) izinsuku ezinhlanu, futhi amanzi enziwe deionized ashintshwa nsuku zonke.Khipha i-emulsion kushubhu ye-dialysis bese uyigcina esiqandisini ngo-4°C kuze kusetshenziswe.
I-Dynamic light scattering (DLS) yenziwe nge-Brookhaven 90Plus analyzer, i-laser wavelength yayingu-659 nm, futhi i-engeli yomtshina yayingu-90°.Sebenzisa isofthiwe eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yesixazululo sezinhlayiyana (v2.6; Brookhaven Instruments Corporation) ukuze uhlaziye idatha.Ukumiswa kwe-latex kuhlanjululwe ngamanzi a-deionized kuze kube yilapho isibalo sezinhlayiyana sicishe sibe yizibalo eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-500 ngomzuzwana (kcps).Usayizi wezinhlayiyana unqunywe ukuthi ube ngu-125 ± 3 nm, futhi i-polydispersity ebikiwe yayingu-0.289 ± 0.006.
Ukuhlaziya okunamandla kwe-ZetaPlus zeta (i-Brookhaven Instruments Corp.) kwasetshenziswa ukuze kutholwe inani elilinganiselwe lamandla e-zeta kumodi yokusabalalisa ukukhanya kwesigaba.Isampula yalungiswa ngokwengeza i-aliquot ye-latex kusixazululo se-NaCl esingu-5 × 10-3m kanye nokuhlanjululwa kwe-latex ukumiswa futhi ukuze kuzuzwe isibalo sezinhlayiyana esingaba ngu-500 kcps.Izilinganiso eziphindaphindiwe ezinhlanu (ngasinye esihlanganisa ukugijima kwe-30) zenziwe, okuholele enanini elinamandla le-zeta elingu-55.1 ± 2.8 mV, lapho iphutha limelela ukuchezuka okujwayelekile kwenani elijwayelekile lokuphindaphinda okuyisihlanu.Lezi zilinganiso zibonisa ukuthi izinhlayiya zikhokhiswa kabi futhi zakha ukumiswa okuzinzile.I-DLS kanye nedatha engaba khona ye-zeta ingatholakala kumathebula olwazi asekelayo i-S2 ne-S3.
Sakhe izinto zokusebenza ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso ze-ASTM International, njengoba kuchazwe ngezansi futhi kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Imojula ye-atomization yejethi eyodwa ye-Blaustein (BLAM; CHTech) i-aerosol generator isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-aerosol aqukethe amabhola e-latex.Ukusakaza komoya okuhlungiwe (okutholwe nge-GE Healthcare Whatman 0.3 µm HEPA-CAP kanye nezihlungi ezingu-0.2 µm POLYCAP TF ochungechungeni) kungena kujeneretha ye-aerosol ngengcindezi engu-20 psi (6.9 kPa) bese yenza i-atomize ingxenye ye-5 mg L-1 ukumiswa Uketshezi lujovwa ebholeni le-latex lesisetshenziswa ngepompo yesirinji (KD Scientific Model 100).Izinhlayiya ezimanzi ezi-aerosolized zomiswa ngokudlula umfudlana womoya zishiya ijeneretha ye-aerosol ngokusebenzisa isishintshi sokushisa esishubhu.Isishintshi sokushisa siqukethe inxeba leshubhu lensimbi engagqwali elingu-5/8 elinekhoyili yokufudumeza engamafidi angu-8 ubude.Okukhiphayo kungu-216 W (BriskHeat).Ngokusho kokudayela kwayo okuguquguqukayo, ukuphuma kwe-heater kusethelwe ku-40% yenani eliphakeme ledivayisi (≈86 W);lokhu kukhiqiza izinga lokushisa elingaphandle elimaphakathi elingu-112 °C (ukuchezuka okujwayelekile ≈1 °C), okunqunywa isilinganiso se-thermocouple esibekwe phezulu (Taylor USA).Umfanekiso S4 olwazini olusekelayo ufingqa ukusebenza kweheater.
Izinhlayiya ezomisiwe ze-athomu zibe sezixutshwa nomthamo omkhulu womoya ohlungiwe ukuze kuzuzwe inani lokugeleza komoya elingu-28.3 L min-1 (okungukuthi, i-cubic foot ngomzuzu).Leli nani likhethiwe ngenxa yokuthi izinga lokugeleza elinembile lesampula yethuluzi lokuhlaziya izinhlayiyana ze-laser ezansi nomfula wesistimu.Umfudlana womoya ophethe izinhlayiya ze-latex uthunyelwa kwelinye lamagumbi amabili aqondile aqondile (okungukuthi amashubhu ensimbi engenasici anezindonga ezibushelelezi): igumbi “lokulawula” elingenayo imaski, noma “isampula” elisikwe eliyindilinga elisebenziseka kalula. ifakwa ngaphandle kwendwangu.Ububanzi bangaphakathi bamagumbi amabili bungama-73 mm, obufana nobubanzi bangaphakathi bomphathi wesampula.Umbambi wesampula usebenzisa izindandatho ezigobile namabhawodi ahlehlisiwe ukuze avale ngokuqinile okokusebenza kwemaski, abese efaka ubakaki okhiphekayo esikhaleni segumbi lesampula, futhi alivale ngokuqinile kudivayisi ngezinsimbi zenjoloba nezinsimbi (Umfanekiso S2, ulwazi lokusekela).
Ububanzi besampula yendwangu ethintana nokugeleza komoya ngu-73 mm (indawo = 41.9 cm2);ivalwe egumbini lesampula ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa.Ukugeleza komoya okushiya igumbi "lokulawula" noma "isampula" kudluliselwa ku-laser particle analyzer (isistimu yokulinganisa izinhlayiyana i-LASAIR III 110) ukuze kulinganiswe inombolo nokugxilwa kwezinhlayiya ze-latex.I-analyzer yezinhlayiyana icacisa imikhawulo ephansi nangaphezulu yokuhlushwa kwezinhlayiyana, ngokulandelana 2 × 10-4 kanye nezinhlayiya ezingu-≈34 nge-cubic foot (7 kanye ≈950 000 izinhlayiya nge-cubic foot).Esilinganisweni sokugxiliswa kwezinhlayiyana ze-latex, ukugxiliswa kwezinhlayiyana kubikwa “ebhokisini” elinomkhawulo ophansi kanye nomkhawulo ongaphezulu ongu-0.10–0.15 µm, ohambelana nosayizi olinganiselwe wezinhlayiya ze-singlelt latex ku-aerosol.Nokho, abanye osayizi bemigqomo bangasetshenziswa, futhi imigqomo eminingi ingahlolwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngosayizi omkhulu wezinhlayiyana ongu-5 µm.
Izinto zokusebenza zihlanganisa nezinye izinto zokusebenza, ezifana nemishini yokugezwa kwegumbi kanye ne-particle analyzer ngomoya ohlanzekile ohlungiwe, kanye nama-valve nezinsimbi ezidingekayo (Umfanekiso 1).Imidwebo ephelele yamapayipi kanye nezinsimbi ikhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso S1 kanye neThebula S1 lolwazi olusekelayo.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, ukumiswa kwe-latex kwajovwa kujeneretha ye-aerosol ngesilinganiso sokugeleza sika-≈60 kuya ku-100 µL min-1 ukuze kugcinwe ukuphuma kwezinhlayiyana ezinzile, cishe izinhlayiya eziyi-14-25 ngesentimitha ngayinye (400 000-cubic centimeter ngayinye) 700 000 izinhlayiya).Izinyawo) emgqonyeni onosayizi ongu-0.10–0.15 µm.Leli banga lesilinganiso sokugeleza liyadingeka ngenxa yezinguquko eziphawuliwe ekugxilweni kwezinhlayiya ze-latex ezansi nomfula wejeneretha ye-aerosol, okungase kudalwe izinguquko enanini lokumiswa kwe-latex elibanjwe isicupho esiwuketshezi sejeneretha ye-aerosol.
Ukuze kulinganiswe i-PFE yesampula yendwangu enikeziwe, i-aerosol yezinhlayiya ze-latex iqala idluliselwe egumbini lokulawula bese iqondiswa kusihlaziyi sezinhlayiyana.Kala ngokuqhubekayo ukuhlangana kwezinhlayiya ezintathu ngokulandelana okusheshayo, ngayinye ithatha umzuzu owodwa.Umhlaziyi wezinhlayiyana ubika isilinganiso sesikhathi sokuhlangana kwezinhlayiya phakathi nokuhlaziywa, okungukuthi, ukuhlangana okumaphakathi kwezinhlayiyana kuminithi elilodwa (28.3 L) lesampula.Ngemva kokuthatha lezi zilinganiso eziyisisekelo ukuze kutholwe inani lezinhlayiya ezizinzile nezinga lokugeleza kwegesi, i-aerosol idluliselwa ekamelweni lesampula.Uma uhlelo selufinyelele ekulinganisweni (imvamisa amasekhondi angama-60-90), ezinye izilinganiso ezintathu ezilandelanayo zomzuzu owodwa zithathwa ngokulandelana okusheshayo.Lezi zilinganiso zesampula zimelela ukuhlangana kwezinhlayiya ezidlula kusampula yendwangu.Ngokulandelayo, ngokuhlukanisa ukugeleza kwe-aerosol kubuyele egumbini lokulawula, ezinye izilinganiso zokugxilisa zezinhlayiyana ezintathu zathathwa egumbini lokulawula ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukugxiliswa kwezinhlayiyana ezikhuphuka nomfula akuzange kushintshe kakhulu phakathi nayo yonke inqubo yokuhlola isampula.Njengoba ukuklanywa kwamakamelo amabili kuyafana—ngaphandle kokuthi igumbi lesampula lingakwazi ukumumatha umnikazi wesampula—izimo zokugeleza ekamelweni zingabhekwa njengezifanayo, ngakho ukuhlangana kwezinhlayiya zegesi kushiya igumbi lokulawula kanye negumbi lesampula. singafaniswa.
Ukuze ulondoloze impilo yensimbi yokuhlaziya izinhlayiyana futhi ukhiphe izinhlayiya ze-aerosol ohlelweni phakathi kokuhlolwa ngakunye, sebenzisa indiza yomoya ehlungiwe ye-HEPA ukuze uhlanze i-analyzer yezinhlayiyana ngemva kokulinganisa ngakunye, futhi uhlanze igumbi lesampula ngaphambi kokushintsha amasampula.Sicela ubhekisele kuMfanekiso S1 olwazini lokusekela ukuze uthole umdwebo wohlelo lwesistimu yokushaywa komoya kudivayisi ye-PFE.
Lesi sibalo simele isilinganiso se-PFE “esiphindaphindiwe” esisodwa sesampula yezinto ezibonakalayo futhi kulingana nesibalo se-PFE ku-ASTM F2299 (Isibalo (2)).
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezichazwe ku-§2.1 zaphonselwa inselelo ngama-aerosol e-latex kusetshenziswa okokusebenza kwe-PFE okuchazwe ku-§2.3 ukuze kunqunywe ukufaneleka kwazo njengezisetshenziswa zemaski.Umfanekiso wesi-2 ukhombisa ukufundwa okutholwe kumhlaziyi wokuhlushwa kwezinhlayiyana, futhi amanani e-PFE wendwangu yejezi nezinto zokushaya akalwa ngasikhathi sinye.Ukuhlaziywa kwesampula okuthathu kwenzelwe ingqikithi yezinto ezimbili kanye nokuphindaphinda okuyisithupha.Ngokusobala, ukufundwa kokuqala kusethi yokufunda okuthathu (okunomthunzi ngombala okhanyayo) kuvame ukuhluka kokunye okubili okufundwayo.Isibonelo, ukufunda kokuqala kwehluka esilinganisweni sokufunda okunye okubili kokuphindwe kathathu okungu-12-15 kuMfanekiso 2 ngaphezu kuka-5%.Lokhu kubuka kuhlobene nebhalansi yomoya oqukethe i-aerosol ogeleza ku-analyzer yezinhlayiyana.Njengoba kuxoxiwe Ezintweni Nezindlela, ukufundwa kokulingana (ukulawula kwesibili nokwesithathu nokufunda isampula) kwasetshenziswa ukubala i-PFE ngemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu kuMfanekiso 2, ngokulandelana.Sekukonke, isilinganiso senani le-PFE leziphindaphinda ezintathu singama-78% ± 2% wendwangu yejezi kanye nama-74% ± 2% okokubhethela ukotini.
Ukulinganisa ukusebenza kohlelo, kwahlolwa imaski yezokwelapha eqinisekisiwe ye-ASTM 2100 (L2, L3) nama-NIOSH (N95).Izinga le-ASTM F2100 libeka ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga kwezinhlayiyana ze-sub-micron kwezinhlayiya ezingu-0.1 µm zeleveli 2 kanye nemaski ezileveli 3 ukuthi zibe ≥ 95% kanye ≥ 98%, ngokulandelana.[5] Ngokufanayo, iziphefumulo ze-N95 eziqinisekiswe i-NIOSH kufanele zibonise ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga okungu-≥95% kuma-nanoparticles e-athomu e-NaCl anobubanzi obumaphakathi obungu-0.075 µm.[24] Rengasamy et al.Ngokwemibiko, imaski efanayo ye-N95 ikhombisa inani le-PFE lama-99.84% -99.98%, [25] Zangmeister et al.Ngokwemibiko, i-N95 yabo ikhiqiza ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga okungaphezulu kuka-99.9%, [14] kuyilapho uJoo et al.Ngokwemibiko, imaski eyi-3M N95 ikhiqize u-99% we-PFE (izinhlayiya ezingama-nm ezingama-300), [16] kanye no-Hao et al.I-N95 PFE ebikiwe (300 nm particles) ingama-94.4%.[17] Omaski ababili be-N95 abaphonselwe inselelo nguShakya et al.ngamabhola e-latex angu-0.1 µm, i-PFE yehle cishe phakathi kuka-80% no-100%.[19] Lapho uLu et al.Kusetshenziswa amabhola e-latex anosayizi ofanayo ukuhlola imaski ye-N95, isilinganiso se-PFE kubikwa ukuthi singama-93.8%.[20] Imiphumela etholwe kusetshenziswa imishini echazwe kulo msebenzi ibonisa ukuthi i-PFE yemaski ye-N95 ingu-99.2 ± 0.1%, evumelana kahle nezifundo eziningi zangaphambilini.
Amamaski okuhlinzwa nawo ahlolwe ezifundweni ezimbalwa.Amamaski okuhlinzwa ka-Hao et al.ibonise i-PFE (300 nm particles) ka-73.4%, [17] ngenkathi imaski emithathu yokuhlinzwa ehlolwe ngu-Drewnick et al.I-PFE ikhiqize amabanga ukusuka cishe ku-60% kuya cishe ku-100%.[15] (Imaski yakamuva ingaba imodeli eqinisekisiwe.) Nokho, u-Zangmeister et al.Ngokwemibiko, ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga kwemamaski okuhlinza okubili okuhloliwe kungaphezulu kancane kuka-30%, [14] kuphansi kakhulu kunamaski okuhlinzwa ahlolwe kulolu cwaningo.Ngokufanayo, "imaski yokuhlinzwa eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" ehlolwe nguJoo et al.Fakazela ukuthi i-PFE (300 nm particles) ingama-22% kuphela.[16] UShakya et al.ibike ukuthi i-PFE yamamaski okuhlinzwa (esebenzisa izinhlayiya ze-latex ezingu-0.1 µm) yehle cishe ngo-60-80%.[19] Isebenzisa amabhola e-latex anosayizi ofanayo, imaski yokuhlinza ka-Lu et al. ikhiqize umphumela we-PFE omaphakathi wama-80.2%.[20] Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-PFE yemaski yethu ye-L2 ingu-94.2 ± 0.6%, kanti i-PFE yemaski ye-L3 ingu-94.9 ± 0.3%.Yize lawa ma-PFE edlula ama-PFE amaningi ezincwadini, kufanele siqaphele ukuthi cishe alikho izinga lesitifiketi elishiwo ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini, futhi imaski yethu yokuhlinzwa bathole isitifiketi seleveli 2 kanye neleveli 3.
Ngendlela efanayo okwahlaziywa ngayo izinto zokufihla ikhandidethi kuMfanekiso 2, kwenziwa izivivinyo ezintathu kwezinye izinto eziyisithupha ukuze kutholwe ukufaneleka kwazo kumaski futhi kubonise ukusebenza kwensiza ye-PFE.Umfanekiso 3 uhlela amanani e-PFE azo zonke izinto zokwakha ezihloliwe futhi uwaqhathanise namanani e-PFE atholwe ngokuhlola izinto zamaski ze-L3 ne-N95 eziqinisekisiwe.Kusuka kumamaski ayi-11/okhethweni lwemaski ekhethelwe lo msebenzi, izinhlobonhlobo zokusebenza kwe-PFE zingabonakala ngokusobala, kusukela ku-≈10% kuye kusondele ku-100%, okuhambisana nezinye izifundo, [8, 9, 15] nezincazelo zemboni. Abukho ubudlelwano obucacile phakathi kwePFE nePFE.Isibonelo, izinto ezinokwakheka okufanayo (amasampula kakotini amabili angu-100% ne-cotton muslin) abonisa amanani e-PFE ahluke kakhulu (14%, 54%, no-13%, ngokulandelana).Kodwa kubalulekile ukuthi ukusebenza okuphansi (isibonelo, 100% ukotini A; PFE ≈ 14%), ukusebenza okuphakathi (isibonelo, 70%/30% inhlanganisela kakotini/polyester; PFE ≈ 49%) kanye nokusebenza okuphezulu (isibonelo, ijezi Indwangu; PFE ≈ 78%) Indwangu ingabonakala ngokucacile kusetshenziswa okokusebenza kwe-PFE okuchazwe kulo msebenzi.Ikakhulukazi izindwangu zejezi nezinto zokushaya ukotini zisebenze kahle kakhulu, ngama-PFE asuka ku-70% kuya ku-80%.Izinto ezinjalo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zingakhonjwa futhi zihlaziywe ngokuningiliziwe ukuze kuqondwe izici ezifaka isandla ekusebenzeni kwazo okuphezulu kokuhlunga.Kodwa-ke, sifuna ukukhumbuza ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi imiphumela ye-PFE yezinto zokwakha ezinezincazelo zemboni ezifanayo (okungukuthi izinto zikakotini) zihluke kakhulu, le datha ayikhombisi ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kumaski wendwangu, futhi asihlosile ukusho izici- izigaba zezinto ezibonakalayo.Ubudlelwano bokusebenza.Sinikeza izibonelo ezithile ukubonisa ukulinganisa, ukukhombisa ukuthi ukulinganisa kuhlanganisa lonke ububanzi bokusebenza kahle kokuhlunga okungenzeka, futhi sinikeze usayizi wephutha lokulinganisa.
Sithole le miphumela ye-PFE ukufakazela ukuthi okokusebenza kwethu kunamandla anhlobonhlobo okulinganisa, iphutha eliphansi, futhi uma kuqhathaniswa nedatha etholwe ezincwadini.Isibonelo, u-Zangmeister et al.Imiphumela ye-PFE yezindwangu zikakotini ezimbalwa ezilukiwe (isb. “Ukotini 1-11″) (imicu engama-89 kuye kwangama-812 iyintshi ngayinye) iyabikwa.Ezingu-9 kwezingu-11, "ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga okuncane" kusuka ku-0% kuya ku-25%;i-PFE yezinye izinto ezimbili icishe ibe ngama-32%.[14] Ngokufanayo, uKonda et al.Idatha ye-PFE yezindwangu ezimbili zikakotini (80 kanye ne-600 TPI; 153 kanye ne-152 gm-2) ziyabikwa.I-PFE isukela ku-7% kuya ku-36% kanye no-65% kuya ku-85%, ngokulandelana.Ocwaningweni luka-Drewnick et al., ezindwangu zikakotini ezinongqimba olulodwa (okungukuthi ukotini, ukotini obuniwe, i-moleton; 139–265 TPI; 80–140 gm–2), ububanzi be-PFE yezinto ezibonakalayo cishe 10% kuya ku-30%.Ocwaningweni lukaJoo et al., Izinto zabo zikakotini eziyi-100% zine-PFE engu-8% (izinhlayiya ezingama-300 nm).Bagheri et al.i-polystyrene latex izinhlayiya ze-0.3 kuya ku-0.5 µm.I-PFE yezinto eziyisithupha zikakotini (120-200 TPI; 136-237 gm-2) ikalwa, kusukela ku-0% kuya ku-20%.[18] Ngakho-ke, eziningi zalezi zinto zivumelana kahle nemiphumela ye-PFE yezindwangu zethu zikakotini ezintathu (okungukuthi i-Veratex Muslin CT, i-Fabric Store Cottons A no-B), kanye nokusebenza kahle kwazo kokuhlunga ku-13%, 14% futhi ngokulandelana.54%.Le miphumela ikhombisa ukuthi kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinto zikakotini kanye nokuthi izinto ezibonakalayo eziholela ku-PFE ephezulu (okungukuthi ukotini ka-Konda et al. ka-600 TPI; ukotini wethu B) akuqondakali kahle.
Uma senza lezi ziqhathaniso, siyavuma ukuthi kunzima ukuthola izinto ezihlolwe ezincwadini ezinezici ezifanayo (okungukuthi, ukwakheka kwempahla, ukuluka nokuluka, i-TPI, isisindo, njll.) ngezinto ezihlolwe kulolu cwaningo, kanye ngakho-ke ngeke kuqhathaniswe ngqo.Ukwengeza, umehluko kumathuluzi asetshenziswa ababhali kanye nokuntuleka kokulinganisa kwenza kube nzima ukwenza ukuqhathanisa okuhle.Noma kunjalo, kuyacaca ukuthi ubudlelwano bokusebenza/ukusebenza kwezindwangu ezijwayelekile abuqondwa kahle.Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zizophinde zihlolwe ngezisetshenziswa ezijwayelekile, eziguquguqukayo nezithembekile (njengamathuluzi achazwe kulo msebenzi) ukuze kunqunywe lobu budlelwano.
Nakuba kunephutha eliphelele lezibalo (0-5%) phakathi kwempinda eyodwa (0-4%) kanye namasampula ahlaziywe ngokuphindwe kathathu, okokusebenza okuhlongozwayo kulo msebenzi kubonakale kuyithuluzi eliphumelelayo lokuhlola i-PFE yezinto ezihlukahlukene.Izindwangu ezijwayelekile kumamaski ezokwelapha aqinisekisiwe.Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi phakathi kwezinto ezingu-11 ezihlolelwe Umfanekiso 3, iphutha lokusabalalisa elithi σprop lidlula ukuchezuka okujwayelekile phakathi kwezilinganiso ze-PFE zesampula eyodwa, okungukuthi, i-σsd yezinto ezingu-9 kweziyi-11;lokhu okuhlukile okubili kwenzeka ngenani eliphezulu kakhulu le-PFE (okungukuthi L2 kanye nemaski L3).Nakuba imiphumela yethulwe nguRengasamy et al.Ukubonisa ukuthi umehluko phakathi kwamasampula aphindaphindiwe mncane (okungukuthi, ukuphindaphinda okuhlanu <0.29%), [25] bafunde izinto ezinezici zokuhlunga ezaziwayo eziklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukukhiqizwa kwemaski: impahla ngokwayo ingase ifane kakhulu, futhi ukuhlolwa nakho Lokhu Indawo yobubanzi be-PFE ingase ingaguquguquki.Sekukonke, imiphumela etholwe kusetshenziswa okokusebenza kwethu ihambisana nedatha ye-PFE namazinga wokunikeza izitifiketi atholwe abanye abacwaningi.
Nakuba i-PFE iyinkomba ebalulekile yokulinganisa ukusebenza kwemaski, okwamanje kufanele sikhumbuze abafundi ukuthi ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kwezinto ezibonakalayo zemaski zesikhathi esizayo kufanele kucabangele ezinye izici, okungukuthi, ukuqina kwezinto ezibonakalayo (okungukuthi, ngokwehla kwengcindezi noma ukuhlolwa kokucindezela okuhlukile. ).Kukhona imithetho ku-ASTM F2100 kanye ne-F3502.Ukuphefumula okwamukelekayo kubalulekile ukuze umuntu oyigqokile akhululeke futhi kuvinjwe ukuvuza konqenqema lwemaski ngesikhathi sokuphefumula.Njengoba i-PFE kanye nokungena komoya kwezinto eziningi ezivamile kuvame ukulingana ngokuphambene, ukukalwa kokwehla kwengcindezi kufanele kwenziwe kanye nesilinganiso se-PFE ukuze kuhlolwe ngokugcwele ukusebenza kwempahla yemaski.
Sincoma ukuthi imihlahlandlela yokwakha okokusebenza kwe-PFE ngokuhambisana ne-ASTM F2299 ibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwamazinga, ukukhiqizwa kwedatha yocwaningo engaqhathaniswa phakathi kwamalabhorethri ocwaningo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuhlunga kwe-aerosol.Thembela kuphela ezingeni le-NIOSH (noma i-F3502), elicacisa idivayisi eyodwa (TSI 8130A) futhi likhawulele abacwaningi ekuthengeni amadivaysi e-turnkey (isibonelo, amasistimu e-TSI).Ukuthembela kumasistimu amisiwe afana ne-TSI 8130A kubalulekile ekutholeni isitifiketi okujwayelekile kwamanje, kodwa kukhawulela ukuthuthukiswa komaski, iziphefumula, nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokuhlunga i-aerosol obuphikisana nenqubekelaphambili yocwaningo.Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi indinganiso ye-NIOSH yathuthukiswa njengendlela yokuhlola ama-respirators ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima ezilindeleke lapho le mishini idingeka, kodwa ngokuphambene, imaski yokuhlinzwa ihlolwa ngezindlela ze-ASTM F2100/F2299 .Umumo nesitayela samamaski omphakathi kufana nemamaski okuhlinzwa, okungasho ukuthi banokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kokuhlunga njenge-N95.Uma imaski yokuhlinzwa isahlolwa ngokuhambisana ne-ASTM F2100/F2299, izindwangu ezijwayelekile kufanele zihlaziywe kusetshenziswa indlela eseduze ne-ASTM F2100/F2299.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ASTM F2299 ivumela ukuguquguquka okwengeziwe kumapharamitha ahlukene (njengezinga lokugeleza komoya kanye nesivinini esingaphezulu esifundweni sokusebenza kahle kokuhlunga), okungenza kube izinga eliphakeme elicishe lilingane endaweni yocwaningo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-30-2021